Cognitive Piaget (I hate you)

I hate Piaget because it's hard to remember.  I often totally forget what Piaget's developmental stages are even about (cognition).  I think part of it is I don't have a lot of interaction with children (meaning, I'm an only child and haven't had kids and also haven't worked with kids), so these stages are difficult for me to remember. Plus, Piaget uses unnecessarily oblique terms like "operational," that come with lots of definition baggage and can confuse things even more, but, let me try to figure them out with you.

First, if you look at the Wikipedia page on Piaget, you quickly get the sense that the word "operational" really means "logic" or "thinking."  Remember, Piaget is about cognition (which is just a way of saying "how a kid starts to use its brain to think about things," because all of that was too long of a title.)

Second, there are 4 Piaget COGNITIVE developmental stages, and they break down into age groups that correlate with the degree to which a child is able to think about things:  (I should also say, I don't think the tests will get this into detail, but it helps me remember other stages of development, so for the sake of reinforcement of memory...)

Stage 1: Sensorimotor (0-2 y-o): This is when babies discover the world through their senses and gain motor control, hence "sensorimotor."
reflexes (<1 month old) like Palmar, Tonic Neck, Sucking/Rooting, Moro, Plantar, Babinski
first habits and primary circular reactions (1-4 mos) where the baby stumbles across self-soothing/pleasurable actions like thumb sucking
secondary circular reactions (4-8 mos): at this point the baby becomes aware of "other than self objects" when they start rolling (back to side) and are able to intentionally palmar grasp, and accidentally discover that they can affect things (rattles, etc.) and they just do it over and over and over again, almost like they can't stop themselves.
 coordination of secondary circular reactions (8-12 mos): this is when babies get into everything.  Remember that they have developed fine pincer movement and the ability to sit up straight by themselves at 8 months, so they are now intentionally moving things (knocking crap to the ground and laughing about it cause it's hilarious), and they get OBJECT PERMANENCE AT 9 MONTHS (test question), so once they decide they want something, it doesn't matter where you hide it, they will get to it.
tertiary circular reactions/novelty and curiosity (12-18 mos): this is when babies start outwitting their parents.  They will try different ways to get what they want.
internalization of schemata: basically, the baby is able to build from experience and predict an outcome/thinking through an action to get to a goal=learning.

Stage 2: Preoperational (2-7 y-o, loosely "preschool"): This is when children are super self-centered.  They don't understand concrete logic, so they can't mentally manipulate information--everything is literal.  For example, "That was cold, man," doesn't mean "that was brutally honest," it means "it feels very cold."  Children in preoperational are EGOCENTRIC, but they can do magic pretend and manipulate symbols.
3) Concrete Operational (7-11 y-o, loosely "school age"): Can think logically (aka concrete operational), and can think in reverse.  No longer egocentric (can feel empathy).
4) Formal Operational (11+): Abstract logic (aka formal operational), multiple step problem solving, and is self-aware (planning, monitoring, evaluating).

Comparison of Developmental Stages

https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/e7/5e/e8/e75ee85ea488f2fab5db8875829658ad.jpg

KOHLBERG STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT:

http://www.integratedsociopsychology.net/wpimages/wpc88bebaf_05_1a.jpg

PIAGET'S COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT:

http://blog.lib.umn.edu/nich0185/myblog2/piaget_chart.jpg

ERIKSON'S PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT:

https://geopolicraticus.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/social-development.gif

References: 

http://innovativelearning.com/educational_psychology/development/index.htm

Childhood Milestones: First 12 mos

Don't you hate it when you have that stupid question about how many teeth a child has by 12 months?  Or whether or not it's expected for a child of 10 months to be standing up without support.  Or is it with support?

And you're just staring at the computer screen like:

Seriously, who can keep that stuff straight?  Nevertheless, if you're studying pediatrics, you will need to know some version of this, so, I'll attempt to boil down chapters 3-7 of the ATI Nursing Care of Children edition 9 so that you don't have to.  Disclaimer: these are only the non-obvious facts.  So, "duh" facts like "plastic bags pose a suffocation risk," aren't included.

0-12 MONTHS

PHYSICAL CHANGES
-Posterior fontanels close at 6-8 weeks (the way I remember this is: since the baby lays on its back, it needs to close the posterior fontanels first).
-Anterior fontanels close at 12-18 mos.
-Weight: birth weight doubles by 6 mos, tripled by 12 mos.
-Teeth: 6-8 teeth normally come in around 6-10 months, and definitely before 1 year.

MOTOR REFLEXES (GROSS/FINE)
1 mos: Head lag.   Grasp reflex.
2 mos: Still has head lag.  Lifts head in prone position.  Holds hand opened.
3 mos: Slight head lag.  Can raise shoulders up in prone position.  Loses grasp reflex.
4 mos: Rolls from back to side.  Puts things in mouth.  *Discovers that thumb sucking is pleasurable.
5 mos: Rolls from prone to supine.  Palmar grasp.  (Note grasp reflex looks like palmar grasp, but one is a reflex.  The other is a conscious choice.)
6 mos: Rolls rom supine to prone.  Holds bottle.
7 mos: Stands with support.  Moves object from hand to hand.
8 mos: Sits unsupported.  Beginnings of pincer grasp.
9 mos: Pulls self to standing.  Crawling.  Coarse pincer grasp.
10 mos: Independently changes from prone to sitting.  Can grasp thin objects, like a rattle.
11 mos: Walks with help.  Can place objects in container.  Refined pincer grasp.
12 mos:  Independent sit to stand and vice versa. Tries to build a two-block tower without success.

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT: Piaget-Sensorimotor (birth-24 mos)
-reflexes mature into intentional imitative activities
-separation from others
-object permanence (9 mos)
-recognizes symbols
-Languages:
  -Discovers that people respond to smiling, cooing, crying.
  -Turns head to aural stimuli.
  -Pronounces single-syllable words, up to 3 word phrases made up of 5 word vocabulary.
  -Understands "no" by 12 months.

PSYCHOSOCIAL: Erikson-Trust vs Mistrust (0-12 mos)
-Trust if needs are met, mistrust if need are inconsistently or inadequately met, OR if needs are continuously med BEFORE being vocalized by the infant.  (Capable of learning delayed gratification.)
-Attachment/bonding (Reactive attachment disorder results from maladaptive or absent attachment between the infant and a caregiver, like if the child undergoes a long-term hospitalization.)
-Separation anxiety 4-8 mos.
-Stranger fear 6-8 mos.

AGE APPROPRIATE ACTIVITIES:
Short attention spans, solitary play, activates senses--rattles, pat-a-cake, balls, reading very short books, mirrors, playing blocks, brightly colored toys.

IMMUNIZATIONS (per CDC):

http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/parents/downloads/parent-ver-sch-0-6yrs.pdf

NUTRITION:
-Breast feeding provides complete diet up to 6 months, and continues to supplement through 12 mos.  Supply iron if breastfeeding.
-Give vit D starting at birth.
-Solids are introduced around 4-6 months IF there is control of head and neck, disappearance of extrusion, and interest in solid foods.  Appropriate to switch to table foods at 9 months.  Examples are: bananas, toast, graham crackers, cheese cubes, noodles, peeled chunks of apples, pears, or peaches.
-DO NOT GIVE citrus, meat, or eggs until after 6 mos.
-Bedtime feedings are the last to be stopped.

SLEEPING:
-Sleep 14-15 hours a day with 9-11 of it at night.  Pattern is established by 3-4 mos.
-Sleeps throughout the night, and takes 1-2 naps daily by 12 mos.
-Cribs: slats should be no more than 6 cm apart (2.375 inches).  Remove mobiles by 4-5 mos.


BATHING:
-Temp set at maximum of 49C  (or 120F).

SAFETY:
-REAR facing until 2 y-o or surpassing height requirement.